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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Injunction</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For protection orders (family law and harassment), see <a href="Protection_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection order">Protection order</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equitable doctrines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Estoppel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotchpot" title="Hotchpot">Hotchpot</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowing_receipt" title="Knowing receipt">Knowing receipt</a></li>

<li><a href="Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">Laches</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctrine_of_marshalling" title="Doctrine of marshalling">Marshalling</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li>

<li><a href="Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Subrogation" title="Subrogation">Subrogation</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Defences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser">Bona fide purchaser</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Clean hands</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Equitable_remedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable remedies">Equitable remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Account_of_profits" title="Account of profits">Account of profits</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructive_trust" title="Constructive trust">Constructive trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaratory_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory relief">Declaratory relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectification_(law)" title="Rectification (law)">Rectification</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li>

<li><a href="Equitable_interest" title="Equitable interest">Equitable interest</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_equity_and_trusts" title="History of equity and trusts">History of equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxims_of_equity" title="Maxims of equity">Maxims of equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(law)" title="Tracing (law)">Tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trust law</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>An <b>injunction</b> is an <a href="Equitable_remedy" title="Equitable remedy">equitable remedy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of a special <a href="Court_order" title="Court order">court order</a> compelling a <a href="Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">party</a> to do or refrain from doing certain acts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed by the English <a href="Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">courts of equity</a> but its origins go back to <a href="Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and the equitable remedy of the "interdict".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>"When a <a href="Court" title="Court">court</a> employs the extraordinary remedy of injunction, it directs the conduct of a party, and does so with the backing of its <a href="Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">full coercive powers</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Nken_v._Holder_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nken_v._Holder-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or <a href="Civil_penalty" title="Civil penalty">civil penalties</a>, including possible <a href="Money" title="Money">monetary</a> sanctions and even <a href="Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>. They can also be charged with <a href="Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2></div>

<p>The injunction is an equitable remedy<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was created by the English <a href="Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">courts of equity</a>. Like other equitable remedies, it has traditionally been given when a wrong cannot be effectively remedied by an award of money damages. (The doctrine that reflects this is the requirement that an injunction can be given only when there is "no adequate remedy at law.") Injunctions are intended to make whole again someone whose rights have been violated. Nevertheless, when deciding whether to grant an injunction, courts also take into account the interests of non-parties (that is, the public interest). When deciding whether to give an injunction, and deciding what its scope should be, courts give special attention to questions of fairness and good faith. One manifestation of this is that injunctions are subject to equitable defenses, such as <a href="Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">laches</a> and <a href="Unclean_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean hands">unclean hands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_Bit_of_Laches_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_Bit_of_Laches-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Injunctions are given in many different kinds of cases. They can prohibit future violations of the law, such as trespass to real property, infringement of a patent, or the violation of a constitutional right (e.g., the free exercise of religion). Or they can require the defendant to repair past violations of the law.

</p><p>An injunction can require someone to do something, like clean up an oil spill or remove a <a href="Spite_fence" title="Spite fence">spite fence</a>. Or it can prohibit someone from doing something, like using an illegally obtained trade secret. An injunction that requires conduct is called a "mandatory injunction." An injunction that prohibits conduct is called a "prohibitory injunction."<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many injunctions are both—that is, they have both mandatory and prohibitory components, because they require some conduct and forbid other conduct.

</p><p>When an injunction is given, it can be enforced with equitable enforcement mechanisms such as contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be modified or dissolved (upon a proper motion to the court) if circumstances change in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Jost_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features of the injunction allow a court granting one to manage the behavior of the parties. That is the most important distinction between the injunction and another non-monetary remedy in American law, the <a href="Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">declaratory judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way these two remedies are distinguished is that the declaratory judgment is sometimes available at an earlier point in a dispute than the injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

<p>In the state of <a href="New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, a court may grant an apprehended violence order (AVO) to a person who fears violence, harassment, abuse, or <a href="Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order prohibits the defendant from assaulting, harassing, threatening, stalking, or intimidating the person seeking the order. Other conditions may be included, such as a prohibition against contacting the person or attempting to find the person online.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A court may issue the order if it believes a person has reasonable grounds for their fears or has no reasonable grounds for their fears. Non-compliance may result in the imposition of a fine, imprisonment, or both, and deportation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div>

<p><a href="Interim_order" title="Interim order">Interim injunctions</a> are a provisional form of injunctive relief, which can compel a party to do something (mandatory injunction) or stop it from doing something (prohibitory injunction).<sup id="cite_ref-wendy2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendy2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A plaintiff seeking an <a href="Interim_order" title="Interim order">interim injunction</a> must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer severe harm in the absence of preliminary relief, and that an injunction is in the public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Turkish law, <a href="Interim_order" title="Interim order">interim injunction</a> is an extraordinary remedy that is never awarded as of right. In each case, courts balance the competing claims of injury and consider the likely hardship on the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-wendy2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendy2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div>

<p>Injunctions have been especially important at two moments in American history.

</p><p>First, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, federal courts used injunctions to break strikes by unions. For example, after the <a href="United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> successfully used an injunction to outlaw the <a href="Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman</a> boycott in 1894 in <i><a href="In_re_Debs" title="In re Debs">In re Debs</a></i>, employers found that they could obtain <a href="United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a> injunctions to ban strikes and organizing activities of all kinds by <a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>. These injunctions were often extremely broad; one injunction issued by a federal court in the 1920s effectively barred the <a href="United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="United Mine Workers of America">United Mine Workers of America</a> from talking to workers who had signed <a href="Yellow_Dog_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Dog contract">yellow dog</a> contracts with their employers. Unable to limit what they called "government by injunction" in the courts, labor and its allies persuaded the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1932 to pass the <a href="Norris-LaGuardia_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Norris-LaGuardia Act">Norris-LaGuardia Act</a>, which imposed so many procedural and substantive limits on the federal courts' power to issue injunctions that it effectively prohibited federal court from issuing injunctions in cases arising out of labor disputes. A number of states followed suit and enacted "Little Norris-LaGuardia Acts" that imposed similar limitations on state courts' powers. The courts have since recognized a limited exception to the Norris-LaGuardia Act's strict limitations in those cases in which a party seeks injunctive relief to enforce the <a href="Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">grievance</a> <a href="Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> provisions of a <a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> <a href="Contract" title="Contract">agreement</a>.

</p><p>Second, injunctions were crucial to the second half of the twentieth century in the desegregation of American schools. Federal courts gave injunctions that carried out the command of <i><a href="Brown_v_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown v Board of Education">Brown v Board of Education</a></i> to integrate public schools in the United States, and at times courts took over the management of public schools in order to ensure compliance. (An injunction that puts a court in the position of taking over and administering an institution—such as a school, a prison, or a hospital—is often called a "<a href="Structural_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural injunction">structural injunction</a>".)

</p><p>Injunctions remain widely used to require government officials to comply with the Constitution, and they are also frequently used in private law disputes about intellectual property, real property, and contracts. Many state and federal statutes, including <a href="Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental statutes</a>, <a href="Civil_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights law">civil rights statutes</a> and <a href="Employment_discrimination_law_in_the_United_States" title="Employment discrimination law in the United States">employment-discrimination statutes</a>, are enforced with injunctions.

</p><p>In <i><a href="Grupo_Mexicano_de_Desarrollo%2C_S.A._v._Alliance_Bond_Fund%2C_Inc." title="Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc.">Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc.</a></i> (1999), the Supreme Court stated that the scope of federal injunctive relief is constrained by the limits on equitable remedies that existed in the English <a href="Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a> around 1789.

</p><p>In 2025, United States Attorney General <a href="Pam_Bondi" title="Pam Bondi">Pam Bondi</a> and other Justice Department officials argued in a court filing that "an oral directive is not enforceable as an injunction", after the <a href="Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second Trump administration</a> completed deportation flights despite a federal judge verbally ordering the flights to be returned to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forms">Forms</h4></div>

<p>Injunctions in the United States tend to come in three main forms: temporary restraining orders, preliminary injunctions and permanent injunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-aba_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aba-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For both temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions, the goal is usually to preserve the status quo until the court is able to decide the case.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temporary_restraining_orders">Temporary restraining orders</h5></div>

<p>A special kind of injunction that may be issued before trial is called a "temporary restraining order" or TRO. A TRO may be issued without notice to the other party or a hearing. A TRO will be given only for a short period of time before a court can schedule a hearing at which the restrained person may appear and contest the order. If the TRO is contested, the court must decide whether to issue a preliminary injunction. Temporary restraining orders are often, but not exclusively, given to prevent domestic violence, stalking, sexual assault, or harassment.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Preliminary_injunctions">Preliminary injunctions</h5></div>

<p>Preliminary injunctions are given before trial. Because they are issued at an early stage, before the court has heard the evidence and made a decision in the case, they are more rarely given. The requirements for a preliminary injunction tend to be the same as for a permanent injunction, with the additional requirement that the party asking for the injunction is likely to succeed on the merits.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Permanent_injunctions">Permanent injunctions</h5></div>

<p>Permanent injunctions are issued after trial. Different federal and state courts sometimes have slightly different requirements for obtaining a permanent injunction. The Supreme Court enumerated the traditional four-factor test in <i><a href="EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange%2C_L.L.C." title="EBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.">eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.</a></i> as:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ol><li>the plaintiff has suffered irreparable injury;</li>

<li><a href="Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">remedies available at law</a> are inadequate to compensate that injury;</li>

<li>considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a <a href="Equitable_remedy" title="Equitable remedy">remedy in equity</a> is warranted; and</li>

<li>the public interest would not be disserved by an injunction.</li></ol>

<p>The balance of hardships inquiry is also sometimes called the "undue hardship defense".<sup id="cite_ref-Neglected_Defense_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neglected_Defense-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stay pending appeal is a mechanism allowing a losing party to delay enforcement of an injunction while appeal is pending after final judgment has been granted by a lower court.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 871">: 871 </span></sup></b>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antitrust">Antitrust</h4></div>

<p>The DOJ and the FTC have investigated patent holders in the United States for seeking preliminary injunctions against accused infringers of <a href="Standard-essential_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-essential patents">standard-essential patents</a>, or patents that the patent holder must license on <a href="Reasonable_and_non-discriminatory_licensing" title="Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing">reasonable and non-discriminatory terms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an ongoing debate among legal and economic scholars with major implications for antitrust policy in the United States as well as in other countries over the statutory limits to the patent holder's right to seek and obtain injunctive relief against infringers of standard-essential patents.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing concerns of the absence of competition facing the patent holder once its technology is locked-in to the <a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a>, some scholars argue that the holder of a standard-essential patent should face antitrust liability when seeking an injunction against an implementer of a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars assert that patent holders are not contractually restrained from pursuing injunctions for standard-essential patent claims and that patent law is already capable of determining whether an injunction against an infringer of standard-essential patents will impose a net cost on consumers, thus obviating the role of antitrust enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interim_injunctions">Interim injunctions</h4></div>

<p>Interim injunctions or <a href="Interim_order" title="Interim order">interim orders</a> are granted as a means of providing interim relief while a case is being heard, to prevent actions being implemented which potentially may be barred by a final ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Super-injunctions">Super-injunctions</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="2011_British_privacy_injunctions_controversy" title="2011 British privacy injunctions controversy">2011 British privacy injunctions controversy</a>, <a href="Super-injunctions_in_English_law" title="Super-injunctions in English law">Super-injunctions in English law</a>, and <a href="Interdicts_in_Scots_law" title="Interdicts in Scots law">Interdicts in Scots law</a></div>

<p>In England and Wales, injunctions whose existence and details may not be legally reported, in addition to facts or allegations which may not be disclosed, have been issued; they have been informally dubbed "super-injunctions".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An example was the super-injunction raised in September 2009 by <a href="Carter-Ruck" title="Carter-Ruck">Carter-Ruck</a> solicitors on behalf of oil trader <a href="Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a>, prohibiting the reporting of an internal Trafigura report into the <a href="2006_Ivory_Coast_toxic_waste_dump" title="2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump">2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump</a> scandal. The existence of the super-injunction was revealed only when it was referred to in a parliamentary question that was subsequently circulated on the Internet (<a href="Parliamentary_privilege_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom">parliamentary privilege</a> protects statements by MPs in Parliament which would otherwise be held to be in contempt of court). Before it could be challenged in court, the injunction was varied to permit reporting of the question.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By long legal tradition, parliamentary proceedings may be reported without restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliamentary proceedings are covered by <a href="Absolute_privilege_in_English_law" title="Absolute privilege in English law">absolute privilege</a>, but the reporting of those proceedings in newspapers is only covered by qualified privilege. Another example of the use of a super-injunction was in a libel case in which a plaintiff who claimed he was <a href="English_defamation_law" title="English defamation law">defamed</a> by family members in a dispute over a multimillion-pound family trust obtained anonymity for himself and for his relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-guardiansuper_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardiansuper-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Roy_Greenslade" title="Roy Greenslade">Roy Greenslade</a> credits the former editor of <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, <a href="Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger">Alan Rusbridger</a>, with coining the word "super-injunction" in an article about the Trafigura affair in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-standard_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standard-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term "hyper-injunction" has also been used to describe an injunction similar to a super-injunction but also including an order that the injunction must not be discussed with members of Parliament, journalists, or lawyers. One known hyper-injunction was obtained at the High Court in 2006, preventing its subject from saying that paint used in water tanks on passenger ships can break down and release potentially toxic chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This example became public knowledge in Parliament under parliamentary privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By May 2011, <i><a href="Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i> claimed to be aware of 53 super-injunctions and anonymised privacy injunctions,<sup id="cite_ref-PE1288/5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE1288/5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="David_Neuberger%2C_Baron_Neuberger_of_Abbotsbury" title="David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury">Lord Neuberger's</a> report into the use of super-injunctions revealed that only two super-injunctions had been granted since January 2010. Many media sources were wrongly describing all <a href="Gagging_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagging order">gagging orders</a> as super-injunctions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread media coverage of super-injunctions led to a drop in numbers after 2011; however four were granted in the first five months of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-PE1393/9_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE1393/9-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_Injunction">Dynamic Injunction</h4></div><p>

Injunctions defined by the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> as </p><blockquote><p>injunctions which can be issued for instance in cases in which materially the same website becomes available immediately after issuing the injunction with a different IP address or URL and which is drafted in a way that allows to also cover the new IP address or URL without the need for a new judicial procedure to obtain a new injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Live_Blocking_Injunction">Live Blocking Injunction</h4></div>

<p>An injunction described by the European Commission as allowing the repeated blocking of a website every time a live broadcast is in progress. These injunctions are generally used during live sporting events.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-social_behaviour_order" title="Anti-social behaviour order">Anti-social behaviour order</a> – Type of civil order made in the United Kingdom</li>

<li><a href="Anti-suit_injunction" title="Anti-suit injunction">Anti-suit injunction</a> – Order to restrain parallel action</li>

<li><a href="Anti-Injunction_Act" title="Anti-Injunction Act">Anti-Injunction Act</a> – US federal statute</li>

<li><a href="Asset_freezing" title="Asset freezing">Asset freezing</a> – Legal process preventing a defendant from moving their assets beyond a court's jurisdiction (Mareva injunction)</li>

<li><a href="Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">Burden of proof (law)</a> – Obligation on a party to prove their case</li>

<li><a href="Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">Civil law (common law)</a> – Branch of English common law</li>

<li><a href="Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a> – Court authorized to apply principles of equity to cases</li>

<li><a href="Cross-border_injunction" title="Cross-border injunction">Cross-border injunction</a> – Injunction with pan-EU effect</li>

<li><a href="Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">Declaratory judgment</a> – Legal determination of the rights, duties, or obligations of parties to a civil dispute</li>

<li><a href="Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity (law)</a> – Set of legal principles supplementing but distinct from the Common Law</li>

<li><a href="Estrepement" title="Estrepement">Estrepement</a> – Type of damage to rented property</li>

<li><a href="Gang_injunction" title="Gang injunction">Gang injunction</a> – Collective restraining order in US law</li>

<li><a href="Injunctions_in_English_law" title="Injunctions in English law">Injunctions in English law</a> – Legal remedies</li>

<li><a href="Interim_order" title="Interim order">Interim order</a> – Order issued while litigation is pending</li>

<li><a href="Lawburrows" title="Lawburrows">Lawburrows</a> – Type of protective order (Scots law)</li>

<li><a href="Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</a> – Civil action brought in a court of law</li>

<li><a href="National_security_letter" title="National security letter">National security letter</a> – US government administrative subpoena</li>

<li><a href="Nationwide_injunction" title="Nationwide injunction">Nationwide injunction</a> – United States federal court injunction</li>

<li><a href="Petition_for_stay" title="Petition for stay">Petition for stay</a> – Action to stop decision of a lower court</li>

<li><a href="Peace_bond" title="Peace bond">Peace bond</a> – Good behaviour order (Canadian law)</li>

<li><a href="Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">Restraining order</a> – Legal order prohibiting certain entities from specified actions</li>

<li><a href="Quia_timet" title="Quia timet"><i>Quia timet</i></a> – Action to restrain threatened wrongful acts</li>

<li><a href="Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">Standing (law)</a> – Legal concept</li>

<li><a href="Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">Stay of proceedings</a> – Ruling halting further legal process</li>

<li><a href="Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit against public participation</a> – Litigation intended to silence critics</li>

<li><a href="Streisand_effect" title="Streisand effect">Streisand effect</a> – Increased awareness of something after suppression efforts</li>

<li><a href="Vacatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacatur">Vacatur</a> – Voiding a previous legal judgment<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An injunction is sometimes also available as a <a href="Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">legal remedy</a>, known as a "legal injunction" or "injunction at law." In that case, injunctive relief would have been extended to law either by statute or through common-law courts borrowing from <a href="Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2017" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Robert J. (2017). <i>Injunctions and specific performance</i>. Canada: Thomson Reuters Canada Limited. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780779884001</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPerell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Perell, Paul (1989). "The Interlocutory Injunction and Irreparable Harm". <i>Canadian Bar Review</i>. <b>68</b>: 538.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Catharine_Titi" title="Catharine Titi">Titi, Catharine</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-function-of-equity-in-international-law-9780198868002?cc=fr&lang=en&">"The Function of Equity in International Law"</a>. OUP. p. 22.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nken_v._Holder-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nken_v._Holder_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases%2C_volume_556" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 556">Nken v. Holder</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ravellaw.com/opinions/6d10b3cbce8df3130f9e6fb4ebd02d2f">556 U.S. 418</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065633/https://www.ravellaw.com/opinions/6d10b3cbce8df3130f9e6fb4ebd02d2f">Archived</a> 23 November 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 428 (2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 311 (1982).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Little_Bit_of_Laches-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Little_Bit_of_Laches_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBray2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Samuel (2014). "A Little Bit of Laches Goes a Long Way: Notes on Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc". <i><a href="Vanderbilt_Law_Review_En_Banc" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc">Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc</a></i>. <b>67</b>: 1. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2376080">2376080</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dobbs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobbs_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs1993" class="citation book cs1">Dobbs, Dan (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookonlawofr00dobb"><i>Law of Remedies: Damages—Equity—Restitution</i></a></span> (2 ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookonlawofr00dobb/page/224">224</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-314-00913-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Union, United Mine Workers of America v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821 (1994).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jost-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jost_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJost1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus (1986). "From Swift to Stotts and Beyond: Modification of Injunctions in the Federal Courts". <i><a href="Texas_Law_Review" title="Texas Law Review">Texas Law Review</a></i>. <b>64</b>: 1101.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Myth-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBray2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bray, Samuel (2014). "The Myth of the Mild Declaratory Judgment". <i><a href="Duke_Law_Journal" title="Duke Law Journal">Duke Law Journal</a></i>. <b>63</b>: 1091. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2330050">2330050</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211043943/http://www.ncsmc.org.au/wsas/legal_system/avo_nsw.htm">"New South Wales – Apprehended Violence Orders"</a>. National Council of Single Mothers and Their Children. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsmc.org.au/wsas/legal_system/avo_nsw.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022232546/http://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/apprehended-violence-orders-applicants">"Are you applying for an AVO?"</a>. Legal Aid New South Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/apprehended-violence-orders-applicants">the original</a> on 22 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-aba-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aba_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/publications/insights_on_law_andsociety/14/winter-2014/understanding-injunctions.html">"Understanding Injunctions"</a>. <i>Insights</i>. American Bar Association. Winter 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Statement of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division on Its Decision to Close Its Investigation of Samsung's Use of Its Standards-Essential Patents (7 Feb. 2014) [hereinafter DOJ Closes Its Samsung Investigation], available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2014/303547.pdf">http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2014/303547.pdf</a>; Decision and Order § IV.D, Robert Bosch GmbH, No. C-4377 (F.T.C. 23 Apr. 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407140856/https://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2014/303547.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gregory Sidak, <i>Injunctive Relief and the FRAND Commitment in the United States</i> at 16, <i>forthcoming in</i> 1 Cambridge Handbook of Technical Standardization Law: Antitrust and Patents (Jorge L. Contreras ed., Cambridge Univ. Press 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.criterioneconomics.com/injunctive-relief-and-the-frand-commitment-in-the-united-states.html">https://www.criterioneconomics.com/injunctive-relief-and-the-frand-commitment-in-the-united-states.html</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2015/450.html">Willis Ltd & Anor v Jardine Lloyd Thompson Group Plc & Ors</a>, 2015, EWCA Civ 450 (22 April 2015)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110317/halltext/110317h0001.htm">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 17 Mar 2011"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 17 March 2011.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/13/trafigura-drops-gag-guardian-oil">Trafigura drops bid to gag <i>Guardian</i> over MP's question</a>", <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 13 October 2009.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwinford2011" class="citation news cs1">Swinford, Steven (21 March 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8394566/Hyper-injunction-stops-you-talking-to-MP.html">"'Hyper-injunction' stops you talking to MP"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8394566/Hyper-injunction-stops-you-talking-to-MP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Dowling2011" class="citation news cs1">Tim Dowling (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/mar/21/secrets-to-keep-hyper-injunction?INTCMP=SRCH">"Got secrets you want to keep? Get a hyper-injunction"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1555416773075&uri=CELEX:52017DC0708">"EUR-Lex - 52017DC0708 - EN - EUR-Lex"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/injunction" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:injunction">injunction</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enjoin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:enjoin">enjoin</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barkingdogs.net/ducequity.shtml">On the Difference Between Lawsuit, a Restraining Order, and an Injunction</a></li></ul>

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